Silicea terra200cH evaluated by two different spectroscopy methods: a pilot study

Spectroscopy has been shown to bea useful method to study the physicochemical properties of homeopathic preparations. Aim: In this pilot study, we comparedtwo methods (photon scattering and visible-light spectroscopy) in the physicalevaluation of Silicea terra200cH. Methodology: Italian test: Two sampleshave been examinedand compared: Silicea terra200cH and Sac lac200cH, both preparedin water solution, diluted and succussed according to German Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia(Cemon Lab, Italy).Lactose was includedbecause the first 3 potencies of Silicea terraaremadeby trituration in lactosepowder.Measurements were made using an innovative Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera developedby Daniele Gullà, called MIRA/CORA(proprietary name). Slight variations in chrominance and luminance due to micro-vibrational 3D phenomenawere analyzed.Allmeasurements have been performed in a dark room at a constant temperature of 22°C +/-0,2°C usingafilter with very narrow spectral bands (10 nm).The measurements have been repeated three times on both Silicea terra200cH and Sac lac200cHwithin a few minutes aftereach other.Brazilian test: In the second test, performed in Brazil, variations in absorbance were used to identify Silicea terra200cH compared with Sac lac200cH andcompared withanother control solution of non-succussed 30% alcohol, using six solvatochromic dyes, following the method developed by Cartwright [1,2]. Both homeopathic samples were imported from Italy(the same sample bottles used in the Italian test),in Brazil they have beendiluted 1:100 in 30% hydro-alcoholic solution, and submitted to 100 succussions using an automatic mechanical arm (Denise, AUTIC, Brazil) prior to being tested. Samples were inserted into dyes solutions and evaluated by visible spectroscopy (FEMTO Spectrophotometer, Brazil). Dyes were prepared in ethanol P.A., according to previous established methods [3]. Three series in triplicate were performed and the results were analyzed by ANOVA / Tukey, comparing both samples and the unsuccussed 30% hydroalcoholic control solution.Results: Italian test: Measurements of the mean entropy of the signals, statistically elaborated with T Student test,yielded a two tailed p value < 0.05, where the entropy of the signal recorded from the Silicea terra200cHsample was statistically lower than the 200cH Sac lacsample.Brazilian test: Among all tested dyes, only BDN(4-(Bis-(4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl)methylene)-1(4H)-naphthalenone) showed aninteraction with Silicea terra200cH, reproducing the conclusions obtained in [3].Conclusions: Two different spectroscopic methods were able to show signal differences betweenSilicea terra200cH andSac lac200cH, suggesting that changes in solvent organization could be involved in the homeopathic signaling process, along withchanges in dipole moments of solvent and dyes. The results are potentially in line witha recent publishedpaper [4], that supportsthe propositionthatthe lower entropy of the verum signal compared with controls could beexplained by increased coherent vibrations of the verum sample, as theoretically explained in previous literature [5].

Coccidiose clínica em frangos de corte infectados naturalmente e imunossuprimidos com dexametasona / Clinical coccidiosis in broiler chicks naturally infected and immunosuppressed with dexamethasone

A ocorrência de coccidiose clínica em aves está relacionada com a competência do sistema imune. Com o objetivo de avaliar a ocorrência natural de coccidiose em aves imunossuprimidas, foram selecionados frangos de corte, de ambos os sexos, com a 35 a 38 dias de vida para constituir 3 grupos - grupo I (n = 25), formado por aves sem coccidiose e negativas para coccídias no exame de fezes; grupo II (n = 25), formado por aves com coccidiose e positivas para coccídias no exame de fezes, e grupo III (n = 25), formado por aves sem coccidiose, negativas para coccídias no exame de fezes e submetidas à imunossupressão com dexametasona (4 mg/kg/dia por 4 dias, via subcutânea). Realizou-se o diagnóstico de coccidiose com a técnica de centrífugo-flutuação com solução saturada de sacarose para investigação de oocistos nas fezes e pela análise macro e microscópica das lesões intestinais observadas após a necropsia. A resposta imune foi avaliada pela reação de hipersensibilidade basofílica cutânea (CBH) à fitoemaglutinina (PHA) e pela relação entre o peso corporal e o peso da bursa de Fabricius ou do baço. Os frangos dos grupos II e III apresentaram menor reação CBH à PHA que os do grupo I, evidenciando-se diminuição da resposta imune. As aves do grupo III mostraram diminuição significante do peso da bursa de Fabricius e do baço em relação aos animais dos outros grupos. As espécies de coccídias encontradas foram E. acervulina e E. maxima nos animais dos grupos II e III, sendo ainda observada E. tenella nas aves do grupo III. A imunossupressão induzida pela dexametasona aumentou a suscetibilidade à coccidiose de ocorrência natural em frangos de corte criados comercialmente.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of clinical coccidiosis in broilers immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Male and female broiler chickens, from 35 to 38 days old were divided into 3 groups ­ group I (n = 25), including chickens without coccidiosis and negative for coccidia in fecal examination; group II (n = 25), including birds with coccidiosis and positive for coccidia in fecal examination; group III (n = 25), constituted by chickens with no coccidiosis, negative for coccidia in fecal examination and immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (4 mg/kg/day for 4 days, subcutaneous route). The diagnosis of coccidiosis was achieved using the centrifugal floatation technique in sucrose solution to investigate the presence of oocystis in stools, as well as by the observation of macroscopic and microscopic changes in the gut after necropsy. The immune response was evaluated by determination of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and of the weight ratio of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in relation to body weight. Broilers from group II and III presented decreased CBH reaction to PHA in relation to group I, suggesting a decrease of the immune response. In addition, chickens from group III presented a significant decrease in the weight of the bursa of Fabricius and of the spleen. The coccidian types were E. acervulina and E. maxima in chickens from groups II and III, as well as E. tenella in chickens treated with dexamethasone. Immunosuppression induced by dexamethasone increased susceptibility to natural coccidiosis in commercially raised broiler chicks.

Efeitos da administraçäo da Arnica montana (tintura-mäe e preparaçöes dinamizadas 6CH) na atividade de diferentes agentes flogísticos em ratos / Effects of Arnica montana administration (mother tincture and 6CH dinamized preparations) in the activity of diferent \"flogistic\" agents in rats

Neste trabalho, elaboramos um estudo comparativo entre o potencial anti-inflamatório da Arnica tintura-mäe e da Arnica 6CH, frente a injeçöes de diversos agentes flogísticos no coxim plantar de ratos albinos Wistar. Os animais foram inoculados no tecido subcutâneo da pata 0,06ml de carragenina 1 por cento, ou histamina 2,5 por cento (associada ou näo à prostaglandina E, 3 por cento), ou bradicinina 0,01 por cento e o edema inflamatório foi avaliado pelo método da pletismografia

Effect of a submaxillary gland extract on Ehrlich tumor growth in mice

Ablation of host submaxillary glands modifies Ehrlich tumor growth and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, possibly by modifications in the serum level of growth factors produced by this gland. To extend this research, 7-month-old male EPM-1 mice (N = 30) were divided into two groups: 1) inoculated with tumor cells previously incubated with submaxillary salivary gland extract (SGE) in PBS for 30 min at 37 percent; 2) inoculated with tumor cells previously incubated with PBS, under the same conditions. Animals were inoculated into the footpad with 40 µl of a suspension containing 4.5 x 107 tumor cells/ml, and footpad thickness was measured daily for 10 days. Sections and smears of tumor cells were prepared from the tumor mass to determine mitosis frequency, percent of tumor cells immunopositive to nerve (NGF) and epidermal (EGF) growth factors and percent of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. The incubation of tumor cells with SGE produced a tumor reduction of about 30 percent in size. This effect was not related to loss of cell viability during incubation, but a 33 percent increase 0.05 in the percentage of dead or dying tumor cells and a 15 percent increase in the percent of NGF/EGF-positive tumor cells 0.01 were observed in vivo at the end of experiment. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and mitosis frequency did not differ between groups. These data suggest a direct effect of factors present in SGE on tumor cells, which induce degeneration of tumor cells

Substance P does not modify mononuclear cell migration into Ehrlich tumor mass

In the present study, seven adult male mice were inoculated with Ehrlich tumor into the footpad after local substance P release was blocked by neurectomy of the sciatic and saphenous nerves. The contralateral footpad was also inoculated but sham-operated, and used as control. This procedure did not modify the percent of CD4+ (about 1-2 per cent), CD8+ (about 1-3 per cent), macrophages (about 21-22 per cent), lymphocyte B (about 0-1 per cent) and NK (about 1-2 per cent) mononuclear cells present among tumor cells. These data suggest that chemotactic activity of substance P may not be relevant in this situation because the lack of this neurotransmitter (checked by immunohistochemistry) secondary to neurectomy did not change the cell migration profile into tumor mass.

The influence of social isolation and peripheral innervation on Ehrlich tumor growth in mice

The relationship between social isolation and Ehrlicha tumor growth was investigated in seven male NIH mice about 2 months old living separately in small cages for 28 days. fifteen control animals were kept grouped in conventional cages (10 animals in one and 5 in another) for the same period. After this period, 40 to 50 µl of a cell tumor suspension at a concentration of 1 to 5 x 10**7 tumor cells/ml was incolulated into the footpad and footpad size was measured for 10 days. Isolated mice presented a 30 percent reduction in tumor growth. Sciatic and saphenous neurectomy in one leg of 5 isolated mic (experimental) and 5 grouped mice (control) performed 7 days before tumor inoculation abolished this difference, and more tumor growth was observed in the neurectomized paw compared to the non-neurectomized apw. The subordinate x dominant social relationship established between mice living in groups of two per cage (seven cages) did not modify the growth of tumor inoculated under the same conditions comapared to the first experiment. We conclude that social isolation and an intact peripheral innervation are associated with reduced tumor growth, but dominance behavior has no effect